Fundamentals of Professional Welding

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2.2 Stages of Heat Treatment

Stages of Heat Treatment

Heat treating is accomplished in three major stages:

Stage l—Heating the metal slowly to ensure a uniform temperature

Stage 2—Soaking (holding) the metal at a given temperature for a given time and cooling the metal to room temperature

Stage 3—Cooling the metal to room temperature

HEATING STAGE

The primary objective in the heating stage is to maintain uniform temperatures. If uneven heating oc-curs, one section of a part can expand faster than another and result in distortion or cracking. Uniform tempera-tures are attained by slow heating.

The heating rate of a part depends on several factors. One important factor is the heat conductivity of the metal. A metal with a high-heat conductivity heats at a faster rate than one with a low conductivity. Also, the condition of the metal determines the rate at which it may be heated. The heating rate for hardened tools and parts should be slower than unstressed or untreated metals. Finally, size and cross section figure into the heating rate. Parts with a large cross section require slower heating rates to allow the interior temperature to remain close to the surface temperature that prevents warping or cracking. Parts with uneven cross sections experience uneven heating; however, such parts are less apt to be cracked or excessively warped when the heat-ing rate is kept slow.

SOAKING STAGE

After the metal is heated to the proper temperature, it is held at that temperature until the desired internal structural changes take place. This process is called SOAKING. The length of time held at the proper temperature is called the SOAKING PERIOD. The is used for metals that require a rapid cooling rate, and soaking period depends on the chemical analysis of the oil mixtures are more suitable for metals that need a metal and the mass of the part. When steel parts are slower rate of cooling. Generally, carbon steels are uneven in cross section, the soaking period is deter- water-hardened and alloy steels are oil-hardened. Non-mined by the largest section. ferrous metals are normally quenched in water.

During the soaking stage, the temperature of the metal is rarely brought from room temperature to the final temperature in one operation; instead, the steel is slowly heated to a temperature just below the point at which the change takes place and then it is held at that temperature until the heat is equalized throughout the metal. We call this process PREHEATING. Following preheat, the metal is quickly heated to the final required temperature.

When a part has an intricate design, it may have to be preheated at more than one temperature to prevent cracking and excessive warping. For example, assume an intricate part needs to be heated to 1500°F for hardening. This part could be slowly heated to 600°F, soaked at this temperature, then heated slowly to 1200°F, and then soaked at that temperature. Following the final preheat, the part should then be heated quickly to the hardening temperature of 1500°F.

NOTE: Nonferrous metals are seldom preheated, because they usually do not require it, and preheating can cause an increase in the grain size in these metals.

COOLING STAGE

After a metal has been soaked, it must be returned to room temperature to complete the heat-treating process.

To cool the metal, you can place it in direct contact with a cooling medium composed of a gas, liquid, solid, or combination of these. The rate at which the metal is cooled depends on the metal and the properties desired. The rate of cooling depends on the medium; therefore, the choice of a cooling medium has an impor-tant influence on the properties desired.

Quenching is the procedure used for cooling metal rapidly in oil, water, brine, or some other medium. Because most metals are cooled rapidly during the hard-ening process, quenching is usually associated with hardening; however, quenching does not always result in an increase in hardness; for example, to anneal copper, you usually quench it in water. Other metals, such as air-hardened steels, are cooled at a relatively slow rate for hardening.

Some metals crack easily or warp during quenching, and others suffer no ill effects; therefore, the quenching medium must be chosen to fit the metal. Brine or water is used for metals that require a rapid cooling rate, and oil mixtures are more suitable for metals that need a slower rate of cooling. Generally, carbon steels are water-hardened and alloy steels are oil-hardened. Non-ferrous metals are normally quenched in water.

Published by SweetHaven Publishing Services
Based upon a text provided by the U.S. Navy